5. Wind Forced Ocean; Boundary Effects
6. Tropical Atmosphere Response to SST
9. Low Frequency Variability of ENSO
11. Physics of Meridional Modes
Coupled Atmosphere - Ocean Interactions
Most recent TAO / TRITON data for the Tropical Pacific
(from http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/jsdisplay)
Readings
This list of papers will be updated before the first day of class.
The papers that are marked by a BULLET are the papers that we will read. At times we will bring in material from additional papers; these papers are indicated by the symbol î.
Part I: The Climatology of the Global Atmosphere and Ocean
1. The zonally averaged circulation of the atmosphere
James, Ian N. , 1994: Introduction to circulating atmospheres Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 422 p. (chapter 4)
Held, Isaac M., Arthur Y. Hou, 1980: Nonlinear Axially Symmetric Circulations in a Nearly Inviscid Atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci.: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 515-533.
Holton, J.R., 2004: Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, fourth edition. Academic Press, London, 531pp.
ERA-40 Atlas: http://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/ERA-40_Atlas/
2. The Ocean Circulation: an inevitable fallout
2a. Wind Driven
Cushman-Roisin, Benoit, 1994: Introduction to geophysical fluid dynamics. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Pedlosky, Joseph, 1987: Geophysical fluid dynamics. Spinger. New York.
Pedlosky, Joseph, 1996: Ocean circulation theory. Spinger. New York.
Stommel, Henry M., 1958 (also 1976): The Gulf Stream : a physical and dynamical description. University of California Press, Berkeley.
2b. Thermohaline
In Class Notes.
Lozier, M.S., 2010: Deconstructing the Conveyor Belt. Science 328, 1507.
2c. Feedback to the atmosphere: passive and active coupling
In Class Notes.
Part II: Uncoupled Dyanmics of the Tropical Atmosphere and Oceans
3. Overview of Equatorial Adjustment
Matsuno, T., 1966: Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 44, 25-43.
Gill, A.E., 1982: Atmosphere - Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press. sections 6.1-3, 6.11, 11.1-11.8
5. Overview of ocean response to changes in tropic wind forcing; boundary reflections
Bigg, G.R., and J.R. Blundell, 1989: The equatorial Pacific Ocean prior to and during El Niño of 1982/83 - a normal mode model view. Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 115, 1039-1069.
Busalacchi, A.J., and J.J. O'Brien, 1981: Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific in the 1960's. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 10901-10907. Clarke, A.J., 1983: The reflection of equatorial waves from oceanic boundaries. J. of Phys. Oceanogr., 13: 1193-1207.
Clarke, A.J.: An Introduction to the Dynamics of El Nino & and Southern Oscillation. Academic Press. London, 2008. xx pp.
Kessler, W.S., 1990: Observations of long Rossby waves in the Northern Tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5183-5217.
Kessler, W.S., 1991: Can reflected extra-equatorial Rossby waves drive ENSO. J. of Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 444-452.
Philander, S.G.H., 1981: The response of equatorial oceans to a relaxation of the trade winds. J. of Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 176-189.
Wakata,Y., and E.S. Sarachik, 1991: On the role of equatorial ocean modes in the ENSO cycle. J. of Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 434-443.
6. Overview of atmospheric response to changes in tropical SST
Battisti, D. S., E. S. Sarachik and A. C. Hirst: A Consistent Model for Large the Steady Atmospheric Surface Circulation in the Tropics. J. Climate, 12, 2956-34.
Chiang, J. C. H., S. E. Zebiak, and M. A. Cane, 2000: On the relative roles of elevated heating and surface temperature gradients in driving anomalous surface winds over tropical oceans. J. Atmos. Sci.,
Gill, A.E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 106, 447-462.
Gill, A.E., and E.M. Rasmusson, 1984: The 1982-83 climate anomaly in the equatorial Pacific. Nature, 306, 229-234.
Lindzen, R.S., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.
Neelin, J.D., 1989: A note on the interpretation of the Gill model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2466-2468.
Sarachik, E.S., and M.A. Cane, 2010: The El Nino Southern Oscillation Phenomenon. Cambridge University PRess.
Sardeshmukh, P.D. and B.J. Hoskins, 1985: Vorticity balances in the tropics during the 1982-1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event. Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 111, 261-278.
Zebiak, S.E., 1986: Atmospheric convergence feedback in a simple model for El Niño. J. Atmos. Sci., 114, 1263-1271.
Part III: Coulped Atmosphere-Ocean Phenomenon in the Tropics: El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Cane, M.A., 1983: Oceanographic events during El Niño. Science, 222, 1189-1195.
Deser, C., 1989: Meteorological Characteristics of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Phenomenon. Ph.D. thesis. Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 195 pp.
Deser, C., and J. M. Wallace, 1990: Large-scale atmospheric circulation features of warm and cold episodes in the tropical Pacific. Niño/Southern J. Climate, 3, 1254-1281.
Harrison, D.E. and N. K. Larkin, 1998: El Nino-Southern Oscillation Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Anomalies, 1946-1993. Rev. Geophys., 36, 353-399.
Rasmusson, E.M. and T.H. Carpenter, 1982: Variations in tropical sea surface temperatures and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation and El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354-384.
Rasmusson, E.M. and J.M. Wallace, 1983: Meteorological aspects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Science, 222, 1195-1202.
Wallace, J. M., E. M. Rasmusson, T. P. Mitchell, V. E. Kousky, E. S. Sarachik, and H. v. Storch, 1998: On the structure and evolution of ENSO-related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Lessons from TOGA. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14241-59.
Yulaeva, E. and J. M. Wallace, 1994: The signature of ENSO in global temperature and precipitation fields derived from the microwave sounding unit J. Climate, 11, 1719-1736.
8 El Nino Southern Oscillation: ENSO
7a The ENSO Mode
Battisti, D.S., 1988: The dynamics and thermodynamics of a warm event in a coupled atmosphere/ocean model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2889-2919.
Battisti, D.S., and A.C. Hirst, 1989: Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere/ocean system: influences of the basic state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity;SPMquot;. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712.
Battisti, D.S., and E. S. Sarachik, 1995: U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: Contributions in Oceanography, American Geophysical Union.
Hirst, A.C., 1986: Unstable and Damped equatorial modes in simple coupled ocean-atmosphere models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 606-630.
Nagai, T., T. Tokioka, M. Endoh and Y. Kitamura, El Niño/Southern Oscillation simulated in an MRI atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, J. Climate, 5, 1202-1233, 1992.
Neelin et al., 1992: Comparison of GCM ...
1998 Neelin, J. D., D. S. Battisti, A. C. Hirst, F. F. Jin, Y. Wakata, T. Yamagata and S. Zebiak: ENSO Theory. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,261-290.
Philander, S.G.H., T.Yamagata, and R.C. Pacanowski, 1984: Unstable air-sea interactions in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 604- 613.
Philander, S.G.H., R.C. Pacanowski and M.J. Nath, 1990: Simulation of ENSO with a gloabl atmospheric GCM coupled to a high-resolution, tropical Pacific Ocean gcm. J. Climate, 5, 308-329.
Robertson, A.W., C.-C. Ma, M. Ghil, and C.R. Mechoso, Simulation of the Tropical Pacific climate with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Part II: Interannual variability, J. Climate, 1995.
Schopf, P.S. and M.J. Suarez, 1988: Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566.
Thompson, C.J., and D.S. Battisti, 2000: A Linear Stochastic Dynamical Model of ENSO. Part I. Development. J. Climate, 13, 2818-83
Yamagata, T., 1985: Stability of a simple air-sea model in the tropics. Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Models, Elsevier Oceanography Series, 40, J.C.J. Nihoul (ed), 637-656.
Zebiak, S.E. and M.A. Cane, 1987: A model El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2262-2278.
8b Teleconnections to midlatitudes
Alexander, M. A., 1992: Midlatitude air-sea interaction during El Niño. Part I: the North Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 5, 944-958.
Alexander, M. A., 1992: Midlatitude air-sea interaction during El Niño. Part II: the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere. J. Climate, 5, 959-972.
Held, I.M.: Chapter in Large Scale atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics. Eds. B.J. Hoskins and R. Pearce
Hoskins, B.J., and D. J. Karoly, 1981: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179-96.
Lau, G., and M. J. Nath, 1996: The role of the atmospheric bridge in linking tropical Pacific ENSO events to extratropical SST anomalies. J. Climate, 9, 2036-2057.
Simmons, A.J., 1982: The forcing of stationary wave motion by tropical diabatic heating. Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 108, 503-534.
Simmons, A.J., J.M. Wallace, and G. Branstator, 1983: Barotropic wave propagation and instability, and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1363-1392.
Sardeshmukh, P.D. and B.J. Hoskins, 1988: The generation of global rotational flow by idealised tropical divergence. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1228-1251.
Ting, M., and P.D. Sardeshmukh, 1993: Factors determining the extratropical response to equatorial diabatic heating anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 907-918.
Trenberth, K.E., G.W. Branstator, D. Karloy, A. Kumar, N.-C. Lau, and C. Ropelewski, 1988: Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures. J. Geophs. Res., 103, 14291-324.
Valdes, P.J. and B.J. Hoskins, 1989: Linear stationary wave simulations of the time-mean climatological flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2509-2527.
Wallace, J.M., and D.S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1838-1858.
Wallace, J. M., E. M. Rasmusson, T. P. Mitchell, V. E. Kousky, E. S. Sarachik, and H. v. Storch, 1998: On the structure and evolution of ENSO-related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Lessons from TOGA. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14241-59.
9. Hypotheses for the Low Frequency Variability of ENSO: Stochastic, Exotic and Anthropogenic
Burgers, G., 1999: The El Nino stochastic oscillator Clim. Dyn., 7, 521-531.
Chang, P., B. Wang, T. Li, and L. Ji, Interactions between the seasonal cycle and ENSO-frequency entrainment and chaos in a coupled atmosphere-ocean model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, No. 25, 2817-2820, 1994.
Chang, P., L. Ji, H. Li, and M. Flugel, 199x: Chaotic dynamics versus stochastic processes in El Niño-Southern Oscillation in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere models. Physica D, xx.
Geise, 2001:
Gu, D. and S. G. H. Philander, 1997: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extratropics. Science, 265, 805-7.
Penland, C. and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 1995: The optimal growth of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Climate, 8, 1999-2024
Schneider, N., and co., 2000 (Geophs. Res. Lett.)
Thompson, C.J., and D.S. Battisti, 2001: A Linear Stochastic Dynamical Model of ENSO. Part II. Analysis. J. Climate, 14, 445-66
Vimont, D. J., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, 2003: Seasonal Footprinting in the Pacific: Implications for ENSO. J. Climate, 16
Zhang, Y., J.M. Wallace and D.S. Battisti: ENSO-like Decade-to-Century Scale Variability: 1900-93. J. Climate, 10, 1004-20.
Roberts, W.H.G. and D.S. Battisti: ENSO in the mid Holocene according to CSM and HadCM3. Submitted, J. Climate, 2010.
Tudhope, A. W., C. P. Chilcott, M. T. McCulloch, E. R. Cook, J. Chappell, R. M. Ellam, D. W. Lea, J. M. Lough, and G. B. Shimmield, 2001: Variability in the el Nino-Southern oscillation through a Glacial-Interglacial cycle. Science, 291, 1511-1517, doi:10.1126/science.1057969.
Part III: Coulped Atmosphere-Ocean Phenomenon in the Tropics: The Meridional Modes
11. Physics of the Meridional Modes
Alexander, M.A., D.J. Vimont, P. Chang and J.D. Scott 2010: The impact of extratropical atmospheric variability on ENSO: testing the Seasonal Footprinting Mechanism using coupled model experiments. J. Climate, 23(11), 2885-2901
Chang, P., L. Zhang, R. Saravanan, D.J. Vimont, J.C.H. Chiang, L. Ji, H. Seidel, and M.K. Tippet, 2007: Pacific Meridional Mode and El Nio - Southern Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16608, doi:10.1029/2007GL030302.
Chiang, J. C. H., and D. J. Vimont, 2004: Analagous meridional modes of atmosphere-ocean variability in the tropical Pacific and tropical Atlantic. J. Climate,17(21), 4143-4158.
Vimont, D. J., and J. P. Kossin, 2007: The Atlantic meridional mode and hurricane activity. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L07709, doi:10.1029/2007GL029683.
Andrews, D.G., J.R. Holton and C.B. Leovy, 1987: Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, London, 489 pp.
Clarke, A.J.: An Introduction to the Dynamics of El Nino & and Southern Oscillation. Academic Press. London, 2008. xx pp.
Gill, Adrian E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, London.
Hartmann, D.L., 1994: Global physical climatology. Academic Press, San Diego, p411.
Holton, J.R., 2004: Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, fourth edition. Academic Press, London, 531pp.
James, Ian N. , 1994: Introduction to circulating atmospheres Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 422 p.
Marshall, J. and R.A. Plumb, 2007: Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics: An introductory text. Elsevier Academic Press. Burlington MA.
Nihoul, J.C. (ed.), 1985: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models. Elsivier.
Peixoto, J. P. and A.H. Oort, 1992: Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics, New York, 520 pp.
Philander, S.G.H., 1989: El Niño, La Niña and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, 299pp.
Sarachik, E.S. and M.A. Cane: The El Nino Southern Oscillation Phenomenon. Cambridge University Press, 2010. xx pp.
Last
Updated:
09/30/2010