Chris Bretherton's Publications

• Bretherton, C. S., 1983: Intermittency through modulational instability. Phys. Lett., 96A, 152-156.
• Bretherton, C. S., and A. O. Steinhardt, 1983: The noise gain of a digital Butterworth ladder filter. IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Proc., 31, 1576-1577. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., 1987: A theory for nonprecipitating moist convection between two parallel plates. Part I: Thermodynamics and 'linear' solutions. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1809-1827. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., 1987: Linear propagating nonprecipitating convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1869-1874. Full text copy.
• Pfeffer, W. T., and C. S. Bretherton, 1987: The effect of crevasses on the solar heating of a glacier surface. The Physical Basis of Icesheet Modelling (Proceedings of the Vancouver Symposium, August, 1987), IAHS Publication 170, 191-205.  Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., 1987: Analytical solutions to Emanuel's model of precipitating convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3355-3362. Full text copy.
• Levy, G. , and C. S. Bretherton, 1987: On a theory of the evolution of surface cold fronts. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3413-3418. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., 1988: Group velocity and the linear response of stratified fluids to internal heat or mass sources. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 81-93. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., 1988: A mathematical model of nonprecipitating convection between two parallel plates. Part II: nonlinear theory and cloud organization. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2391-2415. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1989: Gravity waves, compensating subsidence and detrainment around cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 740-759. Full text copy.
• Siems, S. T., C. S. Bretherton, M. B. Baker, S. Shy and R. T. Breidenthal, 1990: Buoyancy reversal and cloudtop entrainment instability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 705-739. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., 1991: Modelling the Lagrangian evolution of cloud-topped boundary layers. In Physical Processes in Atmospheric Models, D. R. Sikka and S. S. Singh, eds., 97-119 (book chapter, not peer reviewed).
• Bretherton, C. S., C. Smith, and J. M. Wallace, 1992: An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate, 5, 541-560. Full text copy.
• Wallace, J. M., C. Smith and C. S. Bretherton, 1992: Singular value decomposition of wintertime sea surface temperature and 500 mb height anomalies. J. Climate, 5, 561-576. Full text copy.
• Siems, S. T., and C. S. Bretherton, 1992: A numerical investigation of cloud-top entrainment in­stability and related experiments. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 787-818. Full text copy.
• Rand, H. A., and C. S. Bretherton, 1993: Relevance of the mesoscale entrainment instability to the marine cloud-topped atmospheric boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1152-1158. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., and C. Schär, 1993: Flux of potential vorticity substance. A simple derivation and a uniqueness property. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1834-1836. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., 1993: Understanding Albrecht's model of trade cumulus cloud fields. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2264-2283. Full text copy.
• Siems, S. T., D. H. Lenschow, and C. S. Bretherton, 1993: A numerical study of the interaction between stratocumulus and the air overlying it. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3663-3676. Full text copy.
• Pandya, R., D. Durran and C. S. Bretherton, 1993: Comments on 'Thermally forced gravity waves in an atmosphere at rest'. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 4097-4101. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S. , 1993: The nature of adjustment in cumulus cloud fields. Meteorological Monographs, 24, 63-74 (monograph chapter, peer-reviewed).
• Emanuel, K. A., J. D. Neelin and C. S. Bretherton, 1994: On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1111-1143. Full text copy.
• Brown, R., and C. S. Bretherton, 1995: Tropical wave instabilities: Convective interaction with dynamics using the Emanuel cumulus parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 67-82. Full text copy.
• Albrecht, B. A., C. S. Bretherton, D. Johnson, W. Schubert and A. S. Frisch, 1995: The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 889-903. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., and R. Pincus, 1995: Cloudiness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagrangian experiments. Part I: Synoptic setting and vertical structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2707-2723. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., Austin, P., and S. T. Siems, 1995: Cloudiness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagrangian experiments. Part II: Cloudiness, drizzle, surface fluxes and entrainment. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2724-2735. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., E. Klinker, J. Coakley and A. K. Betts, 1995: Comparison of ceilometer, satellite and synoptic measurements of boundary layer cloudiness and the ECMWF diagnostic cloud parameterization scheme during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2736-2751. Full text copy.
• Betts, A. K., C. S. Bretherton and E. Klinker, 1995: Relation between mean boundary layer structure and cloudiness at the R/V Valdivia during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2752-2762. Full text copy.
• Emanuel, K., and coauthors, 1995: Report of the First Prospectus Development Team of the U. S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and the NSF. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 1194-1208.
• Noone, K. J., R. D. Schillawski, G. L. Kok, C. S. Bretherton and B. J. Huebert, 1996: Ozone in the marine atmosphere observed during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/ Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4485-4499. Full text copy.
• Moeng, C.-H., and coauthors, 1996: Simulation of a stratocumulus-topped PBL: Intercomparison among different numerical codes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 261-278. Full text copy.
• Grinnell, S. A., C. S. Bretherton, D. E. Stevens and A. M. Fraser, 1996: Vertical mass flux observations in Hawaiian trade cumulus clouds by Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1870-1886. Full text copy.
• Stevens, D. E., and C. S. Bretherton, 1996: A new forward-in-time advection scheme and adaptive multilevel flow solver for nearly incompressible atmospheric flow. J. Comp. Phys., 129, 284-295.
• Bretherton, C. S., and M. C. Wyant, 1997: Moisture transport, lower tropospheric stability and decoupling of cloud-topped boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 148-167. Full text copy.
• Wyant, M. C., C. S. Bretherton, H. A. Rand, and D. E. Stevens, 1997: Numerical simulations and a conceptual model of the stratocumulus to trade cumulus transition. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 168-192. Full text copy.
• Brown, R., and C. S. Bretherton, 1997: A test of the strict quasi-equilibrium theory on long time and space scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 624-638. Full text copy.
• Pincus, R., M. B. Baker, and C. S. Bretherton, 1997: What controls stratocumulus radiative properties? Lagrangian observations of cloud evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2215-2236. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., 1997: Convection in stratocumulus-capped atmospheric boundary layers. In The Physics and Parameterization of Moist Atmospheric Convection, R. K. Smith, ed., Kluwer Publishers, 127-142 (peer-reviewed book chapter).
• Bretherton, C. S., 1997: Entrainment, detrainment, and mixing in atmospheric convection. In The Physics and Parameterization of Moist Atmospheric Convection, R. K. Smith, ed., Kluwer Publishers, 211-230 (peer-reviewed book chapter).
• Bretherton, C. S., 1998: Comment on `Wave-CISK of equatorial waves and the vertical distribution of cumulus heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1904-1905. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S. and H. Grenier, 1998: A new look at an old approach for parameterization of shallow moist convection. Proceedings of the GCSS-WGNE Workshop on Cloud Processes and Cloud Feedbacks in Large Scale Models, 11/98
• Bretherton, C. S., and coauthors, 1999: An intercomparison of radiatively- driven entrainment and turbulence in a smoke cloud, as simulated by different numerical models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 391-423. Full text copy.
• Stevens, D. E., and C. S. Bretherton, 1999: Effects of grid resolution on large-eddy simulation of radiatively-driven entrainment through a strong inversion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 425-439. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., M. Widmann, V. P. Dymnikov, J. M. Wallace, and I. Blade, 1999: Effective number of degrees of freedom of a spatial field. J. Climate, 12, 1990-2009. Full text copy.
• Su, H., S. S. Chen, and C. S. Bretherton, 1999: Three-dimensional week-long simulations of TOGA-COARE convective systems using the MM5 mesoscale model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2326-2344. Full text copy.
• Sobel, A. H., and C. S. Bretherton, 1999: Development of synoptic-scale disturbances over the summertime tropical northwest Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3106-3217. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., S. K. Krueger, M. C. Wyant, P. Bechtold, E. van Meijgaard, B. Stevens, and J. Teixeira, 1999: A GCSS boundary layer model intercomparison study of the first ASTEX Lagrangian experiment. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 93, 341-380. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S. and D. S. Battisti, 2000:. An interpretation of the results from atmospheric general circulation models forced by the time history of the observed sea surface temperature distribution. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 767-770. Full text copy.
• Su, H., C. S. Bretherton, and S. S. Chen, 2000: Self-aggregation and large-scale control of tropical deep convection: A modeling study. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1797-1816. Full text copy.
• Moskowitz, B. M., and C. S. Bretherton, 2000: An analysis of frictional feedback on a moist equatorial Kelvin mode. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2188-2206. Full text copy.
• Widmann, M., and C. S. Bretherton, 2000: Validation of mesoscale precipitation in the NCEP reanalysis using a new gridcell dataset for the northwestern United States. J. Climate, 13, 1936-1950. Full text copy.
• Beesley, T. A., C. S. Bretherton, C. Jakob, E. L Andreas, J. M. Intrieri, and T. A. Uttal, 2000: A comparison of the ECMWF forecast model with observations at SHEBA, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 12337-12349. Full text copy.
• Durkee, P. A. and coauthors, 2000: The impact of ship-produced aerosols on the microstructure and albedo of warm marine stratocumulus clouds: A test of MAST hypotheses 1i and 1ii. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2554-2569. Full text copy.
• Coakley, J.A., and coauthors, 2000: The appearance and disappearance of ship tracks on large spatial scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2765-2778. Full text copy.
• Sobel, A. H., and C. S. Bretherton, 2000:. Modeling tropical precipitation in a single column. J. Climate, 13, 4378-4392. Full text copy.
• Grenier, H. and C. S. Bretherton, 2001: A moist PBL parameterization for large-scale models and its application to subtropical cloud-topped marine boundary layers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 357-377. Full text copy.
• Carr, Matthew T., and C. S. Bretherton, 2001: Convective momentum transport over the tropical Pacific: Budget estimates. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1673-1693. Full text copy.
• Sobel, A. H., I. M. Held, and C. S. Bretherton, 2002: The ENSO signal in tropical tropospheric temperature. J. Climate, 15, 2702-2706. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., and A. H. Sobel, 2002: A simple model of a convectively-coupled Walker circulation using the weak temperature gradient approximation. J. Climate, 15, 2907-2920. Full text copy.
• Stevens, D. E., A. S. Ackerman, and C. S. Bretherton, 2002: Effects of domain size and numerical resolution on the simulation of shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3285-3301. Full text copy.
• Wood, R., C. S. Bretherton, and D. L. Hartmann, 2002: Diurnal cycle of liquid water path over the subtropical and tropical oceans. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(23),2092, doi:10.1029/2002GL015371. Full text copy.
• Raymond, D., G. Raga, and C. Bretherton, 2002: Deep convection over the tropical east Pacific. CLIVAR Exchanges, No. 24 (June)
• Cullen, A. C., and C. S. Bretherton, 2002: Progressing toward environmental sustainability. In Making Progress: Essays in Progress and Public Policy, J. Looney and C. L. Anderson, Eds., Lexington Books, pp. 379-407.
• Bretherton, C. S., 2002: The EPIC 2001 stratocumulus study: Is drizzle a swizzle? U. S. CLIVAR Variations, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 4-6.
• Bretherton, C. S., and A. H. Sobel, 2003: The Gill model and the weak temperature gradient approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 451-460. Full text copy.
• Sobel, A. H., and C. S. Bretherton, 2003: Large-scale waves interacting with deep convection in idealized mesoscale model simulations. Tellus, 55A, 45-60. Full text copy.
• de Roode, S. R., and C. S. Bretherton, 2003: Massflux budgets of shallow cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 137-151. Full text copy.
• Martin Widmann, M., C. S. Bretherton, and E. P. Salathé Jr, 2003: Statistical precipitation downscaling over the Northwestern United States using numerically simulated precipitation as a predictor. J. Climate, 16, 799-816. Full text copy.
• Zhang, M., W. Lin, C. S. Bretherton, J. J. Hack, and P. J. Rasch, 2003: A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM2. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4035, doi:10.1029/2002JD002523. Full text copy.
• C. S. Bretherton, 2003: Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Singular Vectors. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, J. R. Holton, J. A. Pyle, and J. Curry, eds., 617-620.
• C. S. Bretherton, 2003: Wave-CISK. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, J. R. Holton, J. A. Pyle, and J. Curry, eds., 1019-1021.
• Randall, D. A., et al., 2003: Confronting models with data. The GEWEX Cloud Systems Study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 84,455-469. Full text copy.
• Stevens, B., et al., 2003: Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus -- DYCOMS-II. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 579-593. Full text copy.
• Siebesma, A. P., C. S. Bretherton, and 11 coauthors, 2003: A large-eddy simulation intercomparison study of shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1201-1219. Full text copy.
• Boville, B. O., and C. S. Bretherton, 2003: Heating and dissipation in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model. J. Climate , 16, 3877-3887. Full text copy.
• Raymond, D. J., G. Raga, C. S. Bretherton, J. Molinari, C. Lopez-Carillo, and Z. Fuchs, 2003: Convective Forcing in the Intertropical Convergence Zone of the East Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2064-2082. Full text copy.
• Sobel, A. H., S. E. Yuter, C. S. Bretherton, and G.N. Kiladis, 2004: Large-scale meteorology and deep convection during TRMM KWAJEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 422-444. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., J. R. McCaa, and H. Grenier, 2004: A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers. Part I: Description and 1-D results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 864-882. Full text copy.
• McCaa, J. R., and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers. Part II: Regional simulations of marine boundary layer clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 883-896. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., M. E. Peters, and L. E. Back, 2004: Relationships between water vapor path and precipitation over the tropical oceans. J. Climate, 17, 1517-1528. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., R. Ferrari, and S. Legg, 2004: Climate Process Teams: A new approach to improving climate models. U.S. CLIVAR Variations, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1-6.
• S. P. DeSzoeke and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: Quasi-Lagrangian large eddy simulations of cross-equatorial flow in the east Pacific atmospheric boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1837-1858. Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., T. Uttal, C. W. Fairall, S. Yuter, R. Weller, D. Baumgardner, K. Comstock, R. Wood, and G. Raga, 2004: The EPIC 2001 stratocumulus study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 967-977. Full text copy.
• Wood, R., and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: Boundary layer depth, entrainment and decoupling in the cloud-capped subtropical and tropical marine boundary layer. J. Climate, 17, 3575-3587.  Full text copy.
• Raymond, D. J., and coauthors, 2004: EPIC2001 and the coupled ocean-atmosphere system of the tropical East Pacific. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1341-1354.  Full text copy.
• Zhu, P., and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: A simulation study of shallow moist convection and its impact on the atmospheric boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2391-2409. Full text copy.
• Durran, D. R., and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: Comments on "The Roles of the Horizontal Component of the Earth's Angular Velocity in Nonhydrostatic Linear Models". J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1982-1986.
• Kuang, Z., and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: Convective influence of the heat balance of the tropical tropopause layer: A cloud-resolving model study. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2919-2927. Full text copy.
• Sobel, A. H., C. S. Bretherton, H. Gildor and M. Peters, 2004: Convection, cloud-radiative feedbacks and thermodynamic ocean coupling in simple models of the Walker circulation. Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Variability, Chunzai Wang, Shang-Ping Xie, and Jim Carton, Eds., Amer. Geophys. Union Geophysical Monograph 147, 393-405.
• Comstock, K. K., R. Wood, S. E. Yuter, and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 130, 2891-2918. Full text copy.
• Kuang, Z., P. N. Blossey, and C. S. Bretherton, 2005: A new approach for 3D cloud resolving simulations of large scale atmospheric circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02809, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021024. Full text copy. Movie (requires Flash) of precipitable water and OLR from the first 100 days of a DARE simulation of a 20000 km (E-W) by 11000 km (N-S) equatorially centered beta channel on an aquaplanet forced by climatological zonally averaged SSTs, using a DARE factor of 10 and the Khairoutdinov-Randall SAM6.1 cloud-resolving model with a 4 km horizontal grid and 64 vertical levels. Domain is E-W periodic with rigid N-S boundaries. Note interaction of midlatitude cyclones with ITCZ moisture in the subtropics, as well as Kelvin waves in the ITCZ.
• Stevens, B., G. Vali, K. Comstock, R. Wood, M. C. van Zanten, P. H. Austin, C. S. Bretherton, and D. H. Lenschow, 2005: Pockets of open cells (POCs) and drizzle in marine stratocumulus. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 51–57. Full text copy.
• DeSzoeke, S. P., C. S. Bretherton, N. A. Bond, M. F. Cronin, and B. M. Morley, 2005: EPIC 95W observations of the eastern Pacific atmospheric boundary layer from the cold tongue to the ITCZ. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 426-442. Full text copy.
• Quadrelli, R., C. S. Bretherton, and J. M. Wallace, 2005: On sampling errors in empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 18, 3704-3710.   Full text copy.
• Stevens, B., and coauthors, 2005: Observations of nocturnal marine stratocumulus as represented by large eddy simulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1443-1462.  Full text copy.
• Zhu, P., and coauthors, 2005: Intercomparison and interpretation of single column model simulations of a nocturnal stratocumulus topped marine boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2741-2758. Full text copy.
• Caldwell, P., C. S. Bretherton, and R. Wood, 2005: Mixed-layer budget analysis of the diurnal cycle of entrainment in SE Pacific stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3775-3791. Full text copy.
• Comstock, K. K., C. S. Bretherton, and S. E. Yuter, 2005: Mesoscale variability and drizzle in southeast Pacific stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3792-3807.  Full text copy.
• Back, L. E., and C. S. Bretherton, 2005: The relationship between wind speed and precipitation in the Pacific ITCZ. J. Climate, 18, 4317-4328.   Full text copy.
• Peters, M. E., and C. S. Bretherton, 2005: A simplified model of the Walker circulation with an interactive ocean mixed layer and cloud-radiative feedbacks. J. Climate, 18, 4216-4234.  Full text copy.
• Bretherton, C. S., P. N. Blossey, and M. Khairoutdinov, 2005: An energy-balance analysis of deep convective self-aggregation above uniform SST. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4273-4292. Full text copy.
• de Szoeke, S. P., and C. S. Bretherton, 2005: Variability in the southerly flow into the eastern Pacific ITCZ. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4400-4411. Full text copy.

 

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Chris Bretherton <breth@atmos.washington.edu>